According to many renewable energy experts, a small “hybrid” electric system that combines wind and solar (photovoltaic) technologies offers several advantages over either single system.
In much of the United States, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available. Because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of the day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you need it.
Many hybrid systems are stand-alone systems, which operate “off-grid”—not connected to an electricity distribution system. For the times when neither the wind nor the solar system are producing, most hybrid systems provide power through batteries and/or an engine generator powered by conventional fuels, such as diesel. If the batteries run low, the engine generator can provide power and recharge the batteries.
Adding an engine generator makes the system more complex, but modern electronic controllers can operate these systems automatically. An engine generator can also reduce the size of the other components needed for the system. Keep in mind that the storage capacity must be large enough to supply electrical needs during non-charging periods.
Battery banks are typically sized to supply the electric load for one to three days.
29 Kasım 2008 Cumartesi
23 Kasım 2008 Pazar
What is Nanotechnology?
What is Nanotechnology?
A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.
14 Kasım 2008 Cuma
Spray - On Solar - Power Cells Are True Breakthrough
Spray - On Solar - Power Cells Are True Breakthrough
The problem with cheaper oil is that people then don't feel as great a need to invest in alternative energies. I have seen more innovations and more alternate energies being used in the past few years than in the past few decades. Look at the oil crisis of the 70's. After that the auto manufacturers looked into building more efficient vehicles. Now they should be looking into electrics that can be charged by solar power and get off the oil completely. Cheaper oil won't persuade them to do that.
The problem with cheaper oil is that people then don't feel as great a need to invest in alternative energies. I have seen more innovations and more alternate energies being used in the past few years than in the past few decades. Look at the oil crisis of the 70's. After that the auto manufacturers looked into building more efficient vehicles. Now they should be looking into electrics that can be charged by solar power and get off the oil completely. Cheaper oil won't persuade them to do that.
Analyzing Your Electricity Loads
Analyzing Your Electricity Loads
Calculating your electricity needs is the first step in the process of investigating renewable energy systems for your home or small business. A thorough examination of your electricity needs helps you determine the following:
* The size (and therefore, cost) of the system you’ll need* How your energy needs fluctuate throughout the day and over the year* Measures you can take to reduce your electricity use.
Conducting a load analysis involves recording the wattage and average daily use of all of the electrical devices which are plugged into your central power source, such as refrigerators, lights, televisions, and power tools. Some loads, like your refrigerator, use electricity all the time, while others, like power tools, use electricity intermittently. Loads that use electricity intermittently are often referred to as selectable loads. If you are willing to use your selectable loads only when you have extra power available, you may be able to install a smaller renewable energy system.
To determine your total electricity consumption:
*
Multiply the wattage of each appliance by the number of hours it is used each day (be sure to take seasonal variations into account). Some appliances do not give the wattage, so you may have to calculate the wattage by multiplying the amperes times the volts. Generally, power use data can be found on a sticker, metal plate, or cord attached to the appliance.*
Record the time(s) of day the load runs for all selectable loads.
See Learn More on the right side of this page (or below if you’ve printed it out) for resources and tools to help you analyze your electricity loads.
For information about determining the overall energy efficiency of your home, see energy audits.
Calculating your electricity needs is the first step in the process of investigating renewable energy systems for your home or small business. A thorough examination of your electricity needs helps you determine the following:
* The size (and therefore, cost) of the system you’ll need* How your energy needs fluctuate throughout the day and over the year* Measures you can take to reduce your electricity use.
Conducting a load analysis involves recording the wattage and average daily use of all of the electrical devices which are plugged into your central power source, such as refrigerators, lights, televisions, and power tools. Some loads, like your refrigerator, use electricity all the time, while others, like power tools, use electricity intermittently. Loads that use electricity intermittently are often referred to as selectable loads. If you are willing to use your selectable loads only when you have extra power available, you may be able to install a smaller renewable energy system.
To determine your total electricity consumption:
*
Multiply the wattage of each appliance by the number of hours it is used each day (be sure to take seasonal variations into account). Some appliances do not give the wattage, so you may have to calculate the wattage by multiplying the amperes times the volts. Generally, power use data can be found on a sticker, metal plate, or cord attached to the appliance.*
Record the time(s) of day the load runs for all selectable loads.
See Learn More on the right side of this page (or below if you’ve printed it out) for resources and tools to help you analyze your electricity loads.
For information about determining the overall energy efficiency of your home, see energy audits.
The Anaerobic Lactate (Glycolytic) System
The Anaerobic Lactate (Glycolytic) System
Once the CP stores are depleted the body resorts to stored glucose for ATP. The breakdown of glucose or glycogen in anaerobic conditions results in the production of lactate and hydrogen ions. The accumulation of hydrogen ions is the limiting factor causing fatigue in runs of 300 metres to 800 metres.
Sessions to develop this energy system:
* 5 to 8 × 300 metres fast - 45 seconds recovery - until pace significantly slows
* 150 metre intervals at 400 metre pace - 20 seconds recovery - until pace significantly slows
* 8 × 300 metres - 3 minutes recovery (lactate recovery training)
There are three different working units within this energy system: Speed Endurance, Special Endurance 1 and Special Endurance 2. Each of these units can be developed as follows:
Once the CP stores are depleted the body resorts to stored glucose for ATP. The breakdown of glucose or glycogen in anaerobic conditions results in the production of lactate and hydrogen ions. The accumulation of hydrogen ions is the limiting factor causing fatigue in runs of 300 metres to 800 metres.
Sessions to develop this energy system:
* 5 to 8 × 300 metres fast - 45 seconds recovery - until pace significantly slows
* 150 metre intervals at 400 metre pace - 20 seconds recovery - until pace significantly slows
* 8 × 300 metres - 3 minutes recovery (lactate recovery training)
There are three different working units within this energy system: Speed Endurance, Special Endurance 1 and Special Endurance 2. Each of these units can be developed as follows:
The Anaerobic (ATP-CP) Energy System
The Anaerobic (ATP-CP) Energy System
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores in the muscle last for approximately 2 seconds and the resynthesis of ATP from Creatine Phosphate (CP) will continue until CP stores are depleted, approximately 4 to 6 seconds. This gives us around 5 to 8 seconds of ATP production.
To develop this energy system, sessions of 4 to 8 seconds of high intensity work at near peak velocity are required e.g.
* 3 × 10 × 30 metres with recovery of 30 seconds/repetition and 5 minutes/set.
* 15 × 60 metres with 60 seconds recovery
* 20 × 20 metres shuttle runs with 45 seconds recovery
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores in the muscle last for approximately 2 seconds and the resynthesis of ATP from Creatine Phosphate (CP) will continue until CP stores are depleted, approximately 4 to 6 seconds. This gives us around 5 to 8 seconds of ATP production.
To develop this energy system, sessions of 4 to 8 seconds of high intensity work at near peak velocity are required e.g.
* 3 × 10 × 30 metres with recovery of 30 seconds/repetition and 5 minutes/set.
* 15 × 60 metres with 60 seconds recovery
* 20 × 20 metres shuttle runs with 45 seconds recovery
Energy Pathways
D. Matthews and E. Fox, in their revolutionary book, "The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics", divided the running requirements of various sports into the following "energy pathways": ATP-CP and LA, LA-02, and 02.
* ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate: a complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles. Only from the energy released by the breakdown of this compound can the cells perform work. The breakdown of ATP produces energy and ADP.
* CP - Creatine Phosphate: a chemical compound stored in muscle, which when broken down aids in the manufacture of ATP. The combination of ADP and CP produces ATP.
* LA - Lactic acid: a fatiguing metabolite of the lactic acid system resulting from the incomplete breakdown of glucose. However Noakes in South Africa has discovered that although excessive lactate production is part of the extreme fatigue process, it is the protons produced at the same time that restrict further performance
* O2 means aerobic running in which ATP is manufactured from food mainly sugar and fat. This system produces ATP copiously and is the prime energy source during endurance activities
These energy pathways are time duration restricted. In other words, once a certain time elapses that specific pathway is no longer used. There is some controversy about these limitations but the consensus is:
Duration Classification Energy Supplied By
1 to 4 seconds Anaerobic ATP (in muscles)
4 to 10 seconds Anaerobic ATP + CP
10 to 45 seconds Anaerobic ATP + CP + Muscle glycogen
45 to 120 seconds Anaerobic, Lactic Muscle glycogen
120 to 240 seconds Aerobic + Anaerobic Muscle glycogen + lactic acid
240 to 600 seconds Aerobic Muscle glycogen + fatty acids
The result of muscle contraction produces ADP which when coupled with CP regenerates ATP. CP is stored in the muscles. Actively contracting muscles obtain ATP from glucose stored in the blood stream and the breakdown of glycogen stored in the muscles. Exercise for longer periods requires the complete oxidation of carbohydrates or free fatty acids in the mitochondria. The carbohydrate store will last approximately 90 minutes and the free fatty store will last several days.
All three energy systems contribute at the start of exercise but the contribution depends upon the individual, the effort applied or on the rate at which energy is used. The following graph depicts how the energy systems contribute to the manufacture of ATP over time when exercising at 100% effort. The thresholds (T) indicate the point at which the energy system is exhausted - training will improve the thresholds times.
Energy Systems
* ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate: a complex chemical compound formed with the energy released from food and stored in all cells, particularly muscles. Only from the energy released by the breakdown of this compound can the cells perform work. The breakdown of ATP produces energy and ADP.
* CP - Creatine Phosphate: a chemical compound stored in muscle, which when broken down aids in the manufacture of ATP. The combination of ADP and CP produces ATP.
* LA - Lactic acid: a fatiguing metabolite of the lactic acid system resulting from the incomplete breakdown of glucose. However Noakes in South Africa has discovered that although excessive lactate production is part of the extreme fatigue process, it is the protons produced at the same time that restrict further performance
* O2 means aerobic running in which ATP is manufactured from food mainly sugar and fat. This system produces ATP copiously and is the prime energy source during endurance activities
These energy pathways are time duration restricted. In other words, once a certain time elapses that specific pathway is no longer used. There is some controversy about these limitations but the consensus is:
Duration Classification Energy Supplied By
1 to 4 seconds Anaerobic ATP (in muscles)
4 to 10 seconds Anaerobic ATP + CP
10 to 45 seconds Anaerobic ATP + CP + Muscle glycogen
45 to 120 seconds Anaerobic, Lactic Muscle glycogen
120 to 240 seconds Aerobic + Anaerobic Muscle glycogen + lactic acid
240 to 600 seconds Aerobic Muscle glycogen + fatty acids
The result of muscle contraction produces ADP which when coupled with CP regenerates ATP. CP is stored in the muscles. Actively contracting muscles obtain ATP from glucose stored in the blood stream and the breakdown of glycogen stored in the muscles. Exercise for longer periods requires the complete oxidation of carbohydrates or free fatty acids in the mitochondria. The carbohydrate store will last approximately 90 minutes and the free fatty store will last several days.
All three energy systems contribute at the start of exercise but the contribution depends upon the individual, the effort applied or on the rate at which energy is used. The following graph depicts how the energy systems contribute to the manufacture of ATP over time when exercising at 100% effort. The thresholds (T) indicate the point at which the energy system is exhausted - training will improve the thresholds times.
Energy Systems
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